Смерть как проблема исследования в социальной и исторической антропологии: генезис идей

In Russian-speaking humanities death, as a research problem, exists only in philosophical and literary works. The reason for this disciplinary bias lies in strong national philosophical school starting from N. Berdyaev and N. Fedorov and up to Russian school of thanatology in 1990s. Death studies with sociological and anthropological focus are conducted only in strict empirical way avoiding serious theorizing. Many of the classical anthropological approaches are unknown to Russian readers, e.g. Robert Hertz’s legacy. This situation makes reviewing death studies an urgent task. This article is an attempt to consider the genesis of death studies. The author describes the key trends and theoretical problems from the early evolutionists to methodological crisis of the 1960s. The author consistently examines the early death studies by J. Lubbock, J.F. MacLennan, L.H. Morgan, as well as E. Taylor and J. Fraser. The author proceeds with three key approaches: the French sociological school (E. Durkheim, R. Hertz, M. Mauss); British functionalism (B. Malinowski and A. Radcliffe-Brown) and the theory of «rites of passage» (A. van Gennep). The methodological crisis that emerged from the transition of the death studies in traditional communities to modern societies is examined in the key articles of J. Fabian and R. Rosaldo. In conclusion, the author puts forward the assumption of a significant role of historical anthropology in resolving this crisis.