Неравенства в здоровье и психологические ресурсы личности в европейских странах

doi:10.31119/jssa.2022.25.3.7

DOI: https://doi.org/10.31119/jssa.2022.25.3.7

Нина L. Русинова Социологический институт Федерального центра теоретической и прикладной социологии Российской академии наук, Санкт-Петербург, Россия nrusinova@gmail.com
Вячеслав Сафронов Социологический институт Федерального центра теоретической и прикладной социологии Российской академии наук, Санкт-Петербург, Россия vsafronov@list.ru

Для цитирования

Русинова Н.L., Сафронов В.(2022) Неравенства в здоровье и психологические ресурсы личности в европейских странах . Журнал социологии и социальной антропологии, 25(3): 150-186. DOI: https://doi.org/10.31119/jssa.2022.25.3.7

Аннотация

The article examines the problem of the dependence of the state of health and its social structuring on the psychological resources of the individual and the characteristics of the manifestation of these dependencies in macro-social contexts. The analysis of survey data from the European Social Survey (ESS) relating to two groups of countries — with a weak and a strong social state, was carried out using regression modeling with indirect effects, which allows to compare parallel mediators, as well as to reveal the moderated mediation by contextual factors. The results confirm theoretical considerations about the important role of psychological resources, including 'autonomy-control', 'optimism', 'high personal self-esteem', 'resilience' and 'competence', for health, as measured by the self-rated scale, — their deficiency negatively affects health status. These resources also contribute in some way to explaining socio-structural inequalities in health related to education, occupational status and subjective status. They act as a mediator, linking the position of individuals in the social structure with their self-rated health, since psychological resources are unevenly distributed across the social structure, with a deficit in the lower strata, and are important for health. It has been shown that mediative psychological effects depend on the macro public context — they are more pronounced in countries with low public social spending and less pronounced in developed social democracies with high rates of such spending. This conclusion refers to inequalities in education and profession, but not in subjective status — in this case, mediation was equally distinct in all countries.

Литература

Adler N.E., Boyce T., Chesney M.A., Cohen S., Folkman S., Kahn R.L., Syme S.L. (1994) Socioeconomic status and health: The challenge of the gradient. American Psychologist, 49(1): 15–24.

Boehm J.K., Chen Y., Williams D.R., Ryff C., Kubzansky L.D. (2015) Unequally distributed psychological assets: Are there social disparities in optimism, life satisfaction, and positive affect? PLoS ONE, 10(2): e0118066.

Boehm J.K., Kubzansky L.D. (2012) The heart’s content: The association between positive psychological well-being and cardiovascular health. Psychological Bulletin, 138(4): 655–691.

Bonanno G.A. (2004) Loss, Trauma, and Human Resilience: Have We Underestimated the Human Capacity to Thrive After Extremely Aversive Events? American Psychologist, 59(1): 20–28.

Bosma H., Van Jaarsveld C.H., Tuinstra J., Sanderman R., Ranchor A.V., Van Eijk J.T, Kempen G.I. (2005) Low control beliefs, classical coronary risk factors, and socio-economic differences in heart disease in older persons. Social Science & Medicine, 60(4): 737–745.

Bosma H, van de Mheen H.D., Mackenbach J.P. (1999) Social class in childhood and general adult health in adulthood: a questionnaire study of contribution of psychological attributes. British Medical Journal, 318(7175): 18–22.

Bosma H., Schrijvers C., Mackenbach J.P. (1999) Socioeconomic inequalities in mortality and importance of perceived control: Cohort study. British Medical Journal. 319(7223): 1469–1470.

Bretherton S.J., McLean L.A. (2015) Interrelations of stress, optimism and control in older people's psychological adjustment. Australasian Journal on Ageing, 34(2): 103–108.

Brunwasser S.M., Gillham J.E., Kim E.S. (2009) A meta-analytic review of the Penn Resiliency Program's effect on depressive symptoms. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 77: 1042–1054.

Carver C.S., Scheier M.F., Segerstrom S.C. (2010) Optimism. Clinical Psychology Review, 30(7): 879–89.

Chipperfield J.G., Campbell D.W., Perry R.P. (2004) Stability in perceived control implications for health among very old community-dwelling adults. Journal of Aging and Health, 16(1): 116–147.

Cohen B., Panguluri P., Na B., Whooley M. (2010) Psychological risk factors and the metabolic syndrome in patients with coronary heart disease: Findings from the Heart and Soul Study. Psychiatry Research, 175(1–2): 133–137.

ESS Round 6: European Social Survey Round 6 Data. Data file edition 2.4 (2012) NSD — Norwegian Centre for Research Data, Norway — Data Archive and distributor of ESS data for ESS ERIC.

Festin K., Thomas K., Ekberg J., Kristenson M. (2017) Choice of measure matters: A study of the relationship between socioeconomic status and psychosocial resources in a middle-aged normal population. PLoS ONE, 12(8): e0178929.

Finkelstein D.M, Kubzansky L.D, Capitman J., Goodman E. (2007) Socioeconomic differences in adolescent stress: the role of psychological resources. Journal of Adolescent Health, 40(2): 127–134.

Gallo L.C, Matthews K.A. (2003) Understanding the association between socioeconomic status and physical health: Do negative emotions play a role? Psychological Bulletin, 129(1): 10–51.

Ganzeboom H.B.G., Treiman D.J. (2010) International Stratification and Mobility File: Conversion Tools [http://www.harryganzeboom.nl/ismf/index.htm ] (accessed: 16.02.2021).

Giltay E.J., Kamphuis M.H., Kalmijn S., Zitman F.G., Kromhout D. (2006) Dispositional optimism and the risk of cardiovascular death: The Zutphen Elderly Study. Archives of Internal Medicine, 166(4): 431–436.

Haddadi P., Besharat M.A. (2010) Resilience, vulnerability and mental health. Procedia — Social and Behavioral Sciences, 5:639–642.

Hayes A.F. (2018) Introduction to Mediation, Moderation, and Conditional Process Analysis: A Regression-Based Approach. 2nd ed. New York; London: The Guilford Press.

Heinonen K., R?ikk?nen K., Matthews K.A, Scheier M.F., Raitakari O.T., Pulkki L., Keltikangas-J?rvinen L. (2006) Socioeconomic status in childhood and adulthood: associations with dispositional optimism and pessimism over a 21-year follow-up. Journal of Personality, 74(4): 1111–1126.

Helzer E.G., Jayawickreme E. (2015) Control and the “good life”: Primary and secondary control as distinct indicators of well-Being. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 6: 653–660.

Hofmann W., Luhmann M., Fisher R.R., Vohs K.D., Baumeister R.F. (2013) Yes, but are they happy? Effects of trait self-control on affective well-being and life satisfaction. Journal of Personality, 82: 265–277.

Huppert F., Marks N., Michaelson J., V?zquez C., Vitters? J. (2013) European Social Survey Round 6 Module on Personal and Social Wellbeing — Final Module in Template. London: Centre for Comparative Social Surveys, City University London.

Infurna F.J., Gerstorf D., Zarit S.H. (2011) Examining dynamic links between perceived control and health: Longitudinal evidence for differential effects in midlife and old age. Developmental Psychology, 47(1): 9–18.

International Labour Office (2012) International Standard Classification of Occupations: ISCO 08. Vol. I. Geneva: ILO. [http://www.ilo.org/public/english/bureau/stat/isco/isco08/ ] (accessed: 16.02.2021).

Ivlev E., Kozhemyakina O., Miklyaeva A., Rudykhina O. (2017) Psikhosotsial'nyye resursy zdorov'ya uchashcheysya molodezhi v otechestvennykh i zarubezhnykh empiricheskikh issledovaniyakh [Psychosocial resources of health of the studying youth in domestic and foreign empirical researches]. Izvestiya rossiyskogo gosudarstvennogo pedagogicheskogo universiteta im. A.I. Gertsena [Izvestia: Herzen University Journal of Humanities & Sciences], 186: 19–31 (in Russian).

Kan C., Kawakami N., Karasawa M., Love G.D., Coe C.L., Miyamoto Y., Ryff C.D., Kitayama S., Curhan K.B., Markus H.R. (2014) Psychological resources as mediators of the association between social class and health: comparative findings from Japan and the USA. International Journal pf Behavioral Medicine, 21(1): 53–65.

Kaneva M.A. (2016) Sotsial'no-ekonomicheskiye, povedencheskiye i psikhologicheskiye determinanty samootsenki zdorov'ya rossiyan [Socio-economic, behavioral and psychological determinants of the Russian population's self-reported health assessment]. Natsional'nyye interesy: prioritety i bezopasnost' [National interests: Priorities and security], 6: 158–171 (in Russian).

Kaneva M.A., Baidin V.M. (2019). Neravenstvo v dokhode i samootsenka zdorov'ya v Rossii [Income inequality and self-assessed health in Russia]. ECO [ECO], 12: 105—123 (in Russian).

Kepka S., Baumann C., Anota A., Buron G., Spitz E., Auquier P., Mercier M. (2013) The relationship between traits optimism and anxiety and health-related quality of life in patients hospitalized for chronic diseases: Data from the SATISQOL study. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, 11(1): 134.

Khabibullina A.R., Aleksandrova E.A., Aistov A.V. Otsenki neravenstva v zdorov'ye rossiyan [Estimates of health inequality among Russians]. Voprosy ekonomiki [Voprosy Ekonomiki], 3: 117–138 (in Russian).

Kislitsyna О.А. (2015) Vliyaniye sotsial'no-ekonomicheskikh faktorov na sostoyaniye zdorov'ya: rol' absolyutnykh ili otnositel'nykh lisheniy [The impact of socioeconomic factors on health status: the role of absolute or relative deprivation]. Zhurnal issledovaniy sotsial'noy politiki [The Journal of Social Policy Studies], 13(2): 289–302 (in Russian).

Kristenson M., Eriksen H.R., Sluiter J.K., Starke D., Ursin H. (2004) Psychobiological mechanisms of socioeconomic differences in health. Social Science and Medicine, 58(8): 1511–1522.

Lachman M.E., Agrigoroaei S. (2010) Promoting functional health in midlife and old age: Long-term protective effects of control beliefs, social support, and physical exercise. PLoS ONE, 5(10): e13297.

Liadova A.V. (2021) Sotsial'noye neravenstvo i problemy zdorov'ya v nauchnom diskurse: istoriko-sravnitel'nyy analiz [Social inequality and health: the historical and sociological study]. Vestnik Moskovskogo universiteta. Seriya 18. Sotsiologiya i politologiya [Moscow State University Bulletin. Series 18. Sociology and Political Science], 27(1): 36–71 (in Russian).

Liu Y., Wang Z., Li Z. (2012) Affective mediators of the influence of neuroticism and resilience on life satisfaction. Personality and Individual Differences, 52: 833–838.

Liu, Y., Wang Z., Zhou C., Li T. (2014) Affect and self-esteem as mediators between trait resilience and psychological adjustment. Personality and Individual Differences, 66: 92–97.

Lu W., Wang Z., Liu Y., Zhang H. (2014) Resilience as a mediator between extraversion, neuroticism and happiness, PA and NA. Personality and Individual Differences, 63: 128–133.

Mackenbach J.P. (2012) The persistence of health inequalities in modern welfare states: the explanation of a paradox. Social Science and Medicine, 75(4): 761–769.

Mackenbach J.P., Stirbu I., Roskam A.J., Schaap M.M., Menvielle G., Leinsalu M., Kunst A.E.; European Union Working Group on Socioeconomic Inequalities in Health (2008) Socioeconomic inequalities in health in 22 European countries. New England Journal of Medicine, 358 (23): 2468–2481.

Margraf J., Zhang X.C., Lavallee K.L., Schneider S. (2020) Longitudinal prediction of positive and negative mental health in Germany, Russia, and China. PLoS ONE, 15(6): e0234997.

Marmot M.G., Fuhrer R., Ettner S.L., Marks N.F., Bumpass L.L., Ryff C.D. (1998) Contribution of Psychosocial Factors to Socioeconomic Differences in Health. Milbank Quarterly, 76(3): 403–448.

Marmot M., Ryff C.D., Bumpass L.L., Shipley M., Marks N.F. (1997) Social inequalities in health: Next questions and converging evidence. Social Science and Medicine, 44(6): 901–910.

Marmot M., Wilkinson R.G. (eds.) (2006) Social Determinants of Health. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Masten A.S., Monn A.R. (2015) Child and family resilience: A call for integrated science, practice, and professional training. Interdisciplinary. Journal of Applied Family Studies, 64(1): 5–21.

Matthews K.A., Gallo L.C. (2011) Psychological perspectives on pathways linking socioeconomic status and physical health. Annual Review of Psychology, 62: 501–530.

McAuley E., Blissmer B., Katula J., Duncan T.E., Mihalko S.L. (2000) Physical activity, self-esteem, and self-efficacy relationships in older adults: a randomized controlled trial. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 22(2): 131–139.

Nabi H., Koskenvuo M., Singh-Manoux A., Korkeila J., Suominen S., Korkeila K., Vahtera J., Kivim?ki M. (2010) Low pessimism protects against stroke: The Health and Social Support (HeSSup) prospective cohort study. Stroke, 41(1): 187–190.

Niemeyer H., Bieda A., Michalak J., Schneider S., Margraf J. (2019) Education and mental health: Do psychosocial resources matter? SSM — Population Health, 29(7): 100392.

O'Donnell K., Brydon L., Wright C.E., Steptoe A. (2008) Self-esteem levels and cardiovascular and inflammatory responses to acute stress. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 22(8): 1241–1247.

Orth U., Robins R.W., Trzesniewski K.H., Maes J., Schmitt M. (2009) Low self-esteem is a risk factor for depressive symptoms from young to old age. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 118(3): 472–478.

Parrish B.P., Cohen L.H., Laurenceau J.P. (2011) Prospective relationship between negative affective reactivity to daily Stress and depressive symptoms. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 30: 270–296.

Pechmann C., Petermann F., Brahler E., Decker O., Schmidt S. (2014) Resilience and psychological impairment in adulthood: The impact of age and social inequality. Psychotherapie, Psychosomatik, Medizinische Psychologie, 64: 354–363.

Petersen L.R., Clark M.M., Novotny P., Kung S., Sloan J.A., Patten C.A., Vickers K.S., Rummans T.A., Frost M.H., & Colligan R.C. (2008) Relationship of optimism–pessimism and health-related quality of life in breast cancer survivors. Journal of Psychosocial Oncology, 26(4): 15–32.

Pogosova N.V., Boitsov S.A., Oganov R.G. et al. (2018) [Psychosocial risk factors in ambulatory patients with arterial hypertension and ischemic heart disease of 30 cities in Russia: Data from the КОМЕТА (Сomet) Study]. Kardiologiia [Cardiology], 58(11): 5–16. (in Russian).

Pogosova N.V., Oganov R.G., Boytsov S.A. et al. (2017). Psikhosotsial'nyye faktory i kachestvo zhizni u patsiyentov s ishemicheskoy bolezn'yu serdtsa: rezul'taty rossiyskoy chasti mezhdunarodnogo mnogotsentrovogo issledovaniya EUROASPIRE IV [Psychosocial factors and life quality in coronary heart disease patients: results of the Russian part of International multicenter study EUROASPIRE IV]. Kardiovaskulyarnaya terapiya i profilaktika [Cardiovascular Therapy and Prevention], 16(5): 20–26 (in Russian).

Puig-Perez S., Hackett R.A., Salvador A., Steptoe A. (2017) Optimism moderates psychophysiological responses to stress in older people with Type 2 diabetes. Psychophysiology, 54(4): 536–543.

Rasmussen H.N., Scheier M.F., Greenhouse J.B. (2009) Optimism and physical health: A meta-analytic review. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 37(3): 239–256.

Rimashevskaya N.M., Kislitsyna O.A. (2004) Neravenstvo dokhodov i zdorov'ye [Income inequality and health]. Narodonaseleniye [Population], 2: 5—17 (in Russian).

Robb K.A., Simon A.E., Wardle J. (2009) Socioeconomic disparities in optimism and pessimism. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 16(4): 331–338.

Rosenberg M. (1965) Society and the adolescent self-image. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

Ross C.E., Mirowsky J. (2003) Social structure and psychological functioning: Distress, perceived control and trust. In: DeLamater J. (ed.) Handbook of social psychology. New York: Kluwer-Plenum Press: 411–450.

Roy B., Diez-Roux A., Seeman T., Ranjit N., Shea S., & Cushman M. (2010) Association of optimism and pessimism with inflammation and Optimism and stress in older diabetics 7 hemostasis in the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis (MESA). Psychosomatic Medicine, 72(2): 134–140.

Rusinova N.L. (2019) Sotsial'nyye neravenstva v zdorov'ye: posrednicheskaya rol' material'nykh lisheniy i psikhologicheskikh resursov [Social inequalities in health: The mediating role of material deprivation and psychological resources]. Demograficheskoye obozreniye [Demographic Review], 3: 6–30 (in Russian).

Rusinova N.L., Safronov V.V. (2017) Personal'nyye psikhologicheskiye resursy i sotsial'nyye neravenstva v zdorov'ye: vyrazhennost' bufernogo effekta v yevropeyskikh stranakh [Personal psychological resources and social inequalities of health: The strength of the buffer effect in European countries]. Demograficheskoye obozreniye [Demographic Review], 3: 59–87 (in Russian).

Rusinova N.L., Safronov V.V. (2018) Psikhologicheskiye mediatory sotsial'nykh neravenstv v zdorov'ye: «uverennost' v sebe» v Yevrope i Rossii [The psychological mediators of social inequalities in health: Self-efficacy in Europe and Russia]. Sotsiologicheskiy zhurnal [Sociological Journal], 4: 30–53 (in Russian).

Rusinova N.L., Safronov V.V. (2019) Psikhologicheskiye resursy, material'nyye lisheniya i zdorov'ye v Yevrope: pryamoye vliyaniye i mediatsiya neravenstv po obrazovaniyu [Psychological resources, material deprivation and health in Europe: Direct effects and mediation of educational inequalities]. Teleskop: zhurnal sotsiologicheskikh i marketingovykh issledovaniy [Telescope: Journal of Sociological and Marketing Research], 5: 23–38 (in Russian).

Seeman M., Lewis S. (1995) Powerlessness, health and mortality: a longitudinal study of older men and mature women. Social Science and Medicine, 41(4): 5l7–525.

Scheier M.F., Carver C.S. (1992) Effects of optimism on psychological and physical well-being: Theoretical overview and empirical update. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 16(2): 201–228.

Schnittker J. (2004) Psychological factors as mechanisms for socioeconomic disparities in health: A critical appraisal of four common factors. Social Biology, 51(1–2): 1–23.

Schou I., Ekeberg ?., & Ruland C. M. (2005) The mediating role of appraisal and coping in the relationship between optimism-pessimism and quality of life. Psycho-Oncology, 14(9): 718–727.

Schure M.B., Odden M., Goins RT. (2013) The association of resilience with mental and physical health among older American Indians: The Native Elder Care Study. American Indian and Alaska Native Mental Health Research. 20(2): 27–41.

Southwick S.M., Vythilingam M., Charney D.S. (2005) The psychobiology of depression and resilience to stress: implications for prevention and treatment. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 1: 255–291.

Stamatakis K.A., Lynch J., Everson S.A., Raghunathan T., Salonen J.T., Kaplan G.A. (2004) Self-esteem and mortality: prospective evidence from a population-based study. Annals of Epidemiology, 14(1): 58–65.

Surtees P.G., Wainwright N.W., Luben R., Wareham NJ, Bingham SA, Khaw KT. (2010) Mastery is associated with cardiovascular disease mortality in men and women at apparently low risk. Health Psychology, 29(4): 412–420.

Tangney J.P., Baumeister R.F., Boone A.L. (2004) High self-control predicts good adjustment, less pathology, better grades, and interpersonal success. Journal of Personality, 72: 271–324.

Tapilina V.S. (2004) Sotsial'no-ekonomicheskiy status i zdorov'ye naseleniya [Socio-economic status and health of the population]. Sotsiologicheskiye issledovaniya [Sociological research], 3: 126–137 (in Russian).

Taylor S.E., Broffman, J.I. (2011) Psychosocial resources: Functions, origins, and links to mental and physical health. In: Olson J.M., Zanna M.P. (eds.) Advances in experimental social psychology Vol. 44. New York: Academic Press: 1–57.

Taylor S.E., Brown J. (1988) Illusion and well-being: A social psychological perspective on mental health. Psychological Bulletin, 103: 193–210.

Taylor S.E., Kemeny M.E., Reed G.M. (2000) Psychological resources, positive illusions, and health. American Psychologist. 55(1): 99–109.

Taylor S.E., Seeman T.E. (1999) Psychosocial resources and the SES-health relationship. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 896: 210–225.

Wagnild G.M., Young H.M. (1993) Development and psychometric evaluation of the resilience scale. Journal of Nursing Measurement, 1(2): 165–178.

Wasserman L.I., Trifonova E.A. (2012) Sotsial'no-psikhologicheskiye faktory v formirovanii sfery zdorov'ya lichnosti [Sociopsychological factors influencing individual health]. Obozreniye psikhiatrii i meditsinskoy psikhologii [Review of psychiatry and medical psychology], 3: 3–8.

World Social Protection Report 2014/15: World Social Protection Report 2014/15: Building economic recovery, inclusive development and social justice (2014) International Labour Office. Geneva: ILO.