The Heritage of Karl Marx in the 21st Century: What are we Speaking About?
Abstract
The article introduces the new possibilities for the analysis of sociological views of Marx basing on the publication of his manuscripts, excerpts and epistolary heritage provided by the full academic edition of collected works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels in the original languages (Marx-Engels-Gesamtausgabe, MEGA). It is shown that the manuscripts and original versions of “Capital” contain a number of ideas important for interpretation of sociological views of Marx (a commodity as the own result of the capital; private property as just a legal shell of the bourgeois economic relations; the logic and the stages of technological development on the basis of capital, etc.) which only fragmentary were reflected in the “Capital” itself. After the release of volume 1 (1867) Marx made several attempts to complete the “Сapital”, his preliminary versions of the books 2 and 3 show that he was evident of the core theoretical problems of the concluding parts of the book (such as the analysis of the reproduction of the total capital of the society and the explanation of the average rate of profit on the basis of the labour theory of value), but he never managed to solve them successfully. In the last period of his life Marx sparingly informed even his closest friends on the state and prospects of his work; many important ideas were not understood by them, including Engels who contributed to the formation of the orthodox “materialist understanding of history”. After Marx’s death, partly due to the complexity and difficulty of his theory, partly because of incompleteness of the drafts of the final parts of the “Capital” the Engels’ version of his ideas played an important role, influencing the largely popular interpretations of Marx’s theory. On their base, both the Historical Materialism and its criticism were formed. To enable an adequate perception of the heritage of Marx in the 21th century, the integration into the scientific discourse of those materials which became public only in the last decades is needed.
References
Аттали Ж. (2018) Карл Маркс. Мировой дух. М.: Молодая гвардия.
Багатурия Г.А., Выгодский В.С. (1976) Экономическое наследие Карла Маркса (история, содержание, методология). М.: Мысль.
Баландин Р. (2016) Карл Маркс и «Капитал» в XXI веке. В чем ошибался родоначальник марксизма? М.: Вече.
Иглтон Т. (2017) Почему Маркс был прав. М.: Карьера Пресс.
Коган А.М. (1983) В творческой лаборатории Карла Маркса: план экономических исследований 1857–1859 гг. и «Капитал». М.: Мысль.
Лапин Н.И. (1976) Молодой Маркс. М.: Политиздат.
МЭС — Маркс К., Энгельс Ф. (1960-1974) Соч. 2-е изд. Т. 23, 25, 29, 46–49. М.: Политиздат.
Мухачев В.В. (2018) Недосягаемый Маркс. Концепция идеологии создателей марксизма как «terra incognita». М.: Ленанд.
Мюллер М. (1983) Экономическая рукопись 1861–1863 гг. — второй черновой вариант «капитала». Очерки по истории «Капитала» К. Маркса. М.: Политиздат: 103–135.
Нуреев Р. (2018) Очерки по истории марксизма (к 200-летию со дня рождения Карла Маркса). М.: Кнорус.
Очерки по истории… (1983) Очерки по истории «Капитала» К. Маркса (1983) М.: Политиздат, 1983.
Первоначальный вариант… (1987) Первоначальный вариант «Капитала» (экономические рукописи Маркса 1857–1859 годов). М.: Политиздат.
Хеккер Р., Чепуренко А. (1982) Полемика по проблеме соотношения закона стоимости и средней прибыли в «Капитале» К. Маркса (80–90-е гг. ХIХ в.).
Из истории марксизма-ленинизма и международного рабочего движения. М.: Политиздат: 90–114.
Чепуренко А.Ю. (1988) Идейная борьба вокруг «Капитала» сегодня. М.: Политиздат.
Шкредов В.П. (1983) Анализ формы стоимости в 1 томе «Капитала». Очерки по истории «Капитала» К. Маркса. М.: Политиздат: 249–310.
Шкредов В.П. (1973) Метод исследования собственности в «Капитале» К. Маркса. М.: Изд-во МГУ.
Шкредов В.П. (1990) Экономика и право. М.: Экономика.
Attali J. (2018) Karl Marx. Mirovoy dukh [Karl Marx. The global spirit]. Moscow: Molodaya Gvardiya (in Russian).
Bagaturiya G.A., Vygodski V.S. (1976) Ekonomicheskoe nasledie Karla Marxa (istoriya, soderzhanie, metodologiya) [Economic heritage of Karl Marx (history, content, methodology)]. Moscow: Mysl’ (in Russian).
Balandin Р. (2016) Karl Marx I “Capital” v XXI veke. V chyom oshibalsya rodonachalnik marksizma? [Karl Marx and «Capital» in the 21st century. Where was the founder of Marxism wrong?] Moscow: Veche (in Russian).
Chepurenko A.Y. (1988) Ideynaya borba vokrug “Capitala” segodnya. [The ideological struggle around the “Capital” today]. Moscow: Politizdat (in Russian).
Eagleton T. (2017) Pochemu Marx byl prav [Why Marx was right]. Moscow: Cariera Press (in Russian).
Hecker R. (2016) Thematische Vielfalt und inhaltliche Konstanzen in Marx‘ Studienmaterialien. Beiträge zur Marx-Engels-Forschung. Neue Folge, 2014/15: 89–105.
Hecker R. (2018) Springpunkte. Beiträge zur Marx-Forschung und „Kapital“- Diskussion. Berlin: Dietz.
Hecker R., Chepurenko А. Polemika po probleme sootnosheniya zakona stoimosti I sredney pribyli v “Capitale” K. Marxa (1880–90th). [Polemic on the problem of relationship between the value law and the average rate of profit in K. Marx. “Capital” (the 1880–90th ]. Mchedlov M.P. et al (eds.). Iz istorii marxisma-leninisma i mezhdunarodnogo rabochego dvizheniya [From the history of Marxism-Leninism and the international labor movement]. Moscow: Politizdat: 90–114 (in Russian).
Heinrich M. (2007), Begründungsprobleme. Zur Debatte über das Marxsche „ Gesetz vom tendenziellen Fall der Profitrate“. In: Bouvier B., Golovina G., Hubmann G. (eds.) Marx-Engels Jahrbuch 2006. Berlin: Akademie: 47–80.
Kogan A.M. (1983) V tvorcheskoy laboratorii Karla Marxa: (Plan ekonomicheskikh issledovaniy of 1857—1859 i “Capital”) [In the research laboratory of Karl Marx: Plan of economic investigations of 1857–1859 and “Capital”]. Moscow: Mysl’ (in Russian).
Lapin N.I. (1976) Molodoy Marx [The young Marx]. Moscow: Politizdat (in Russian).
Liedman S.-E. (2018) A World to Win. New York; London: Verso.
Marx К., Engels F. (1960-1974) Sochineniya [Works], 2nd ed. Vols. 23, 25, 29, 46–49. Moscow: Politizdat (in Russian).
Marx-Engels-Gesamtausgabe. Bde. II/4.2; II/12. Berlin: Dietz.
Mueller М. (1983) Ekonoimicheskaya rukopis 1861–1863 — vtoroy chernovoy variant “Capitala” [Economic manuscript of 1861–1863, the second raw draft of the “Capital”]. Ocherki po istorii “Catitala” K. Marxa [Essays on the K. Marx’ “Capital”
history]. Moscow: Politizdat: 103–135 (in Russian).
Mukhachev V.V. (2018) Nedosyagaemyj Marx. Koncepciya ideologii sozdarteley marxisma kak «terra incognita» [The unattainable Marx. Ideology concept of Marxism founders as a “terra incognita”]. Moscow: Lenand (in Russian).
Nureev R. (2018) Ocherki po istorii marxisma (k 200-letiyu so dnya rohdeniya Karla Marxa). [Essays on the history of Marxism (towards the 200 anniversary of Karl Marx]. Moscow: Knorus (in Russian).
Ocherki po istorii… (1983) Ocherki po istorii “Catitala” K. Marxa [Essays on the K. Marx’ “Capital” history]. Moscow: Politizdat (in Russian).
Pervonachalny variant… (1987) Pervonachalny variant “Capitala” (Ekonomicheskue rukopisi Marxa 1857–1859 godov) [The first dratf of Marx’ “Capital »]. Moscow: Politizdat (in Russian).
Roediger D. R. (2017) Class, Race and Marxism. New York; London: Verso.
Shanin T. (ed.) (2018) Late Marx and the Russian Road. New York; London: Verso.
Shkredov V.P. (1973) Metod issledovaniya sobstvennosti v “Capitale” K. Marxa [Method of the property analysis in K. Marx’ “Capital”]. Moscow: Lomonosov University Press (in Russian).
Shkredov V.P. (1990) Ekonomika i pravo [Economy and law]. Moscow: Ekonomika (in Russian).
Shkredov V.P. (1983) Analiz formy stoimosti v 1 tome “Capitala” [The analysis of the value form in the 1st volume of the “Capital”]. In: Ocherki po istorii “Catitala” K. Marxa [Essays on the K. Marx’ “Capital” history]. Moscow: Politizdat (in Russian): 249–310.
