Культурное измерение «индивидуализм — коллективизм» как основной инструмент анализа сходств и различий культур
Ключевые слова:
культурные измерения, индивидуализм, коллективизм, социальная экология, кросс-культурные исследования, экокультурный подход
Аннотация
Статья содержит аналитический обзор современного состояния изучения сходств и различий культур посредством использования культурных измерений, особо сфокусировав свое внимание на основной для этой цели дихотомии «индивидуализм — коллективизм» (ИНД — КОЛ). В частности, мы объясняем почему согласно последним исследованиям считается, что двухмерной модели измерения культуры достаточно для анализа сходств и различий культур, а дихотомия ИНД — КОЛ является здесь основным инструментом оценки. Кроме того, мы приводим концептуальный анализ классических моделей культурных измерений (Г. Хофстеде, Р. Инглхарт, Ш. Шварц) касательно ИНД — КОЛ, проанализировав консенсус и разногласия между ними, а также стороннюю критику. Далее, выделив основные атрибуты ИНД – КОЛ, мы рассматриваем текущее понимание роли социоэкологических факторов в формировании одного или другого полюса. Помимо основной задачи многостороннего анализа культурного измерения ИНД — КОЛ, мы хотим привлечь внимание к несколько забытой модели Г. Триандиса о горизонтальном/вертикальном ИНД — КОЛ, которая до сих пор должным образом не была проверена на культурном уровне, поэтому подчеркиваем в статье ее основные преимущества. В заключении мы остановились на проблеме различных уровней анализа (индивидуальный, субкультурный, национальный), сделав вывод, что для дальнейшего прогресса в данной области необходимо более широкое использование многоуровневого моделирования.
Литература
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Берри Дж.У. (2019) Экокультурная психология. Пер. с англ. Д.С. Григорьев. Культурно-историческая психология, 15(4): 4–16.
Вельцель К. (2018) Рождение свободы. М.: ВЦИОМ.
Галлямова А.А., Григорьев Д.С. (2022) Разработка методики оценки воспринимаемой культуры сообщества на основе культурной ориентации горизонтальный/вертикальный индивидуализм-коллективизм Г. Триандиса. Вестник Российского университета дружбы народов. Серия: Психология и педагогика, 19(3): 429–447.
Даймонд Д. (2010) Ружья, микробы и сталь. Пер. с англ. М. Колопотина. М.: АСТ.
Лебедева Н.М., Татарко А.Н. (2019) Векторы развития стран в едином пространстве культурных измерений. Психологический журнал, 40(6): 99–111.
Полтерович В.М. (2022) Конкуренция, сотрудничество и удовлетворенность жизнью. Часть 1. Семерка европейских лидеров. Экономические и социальные перемены: факты, тенденции, прогноз, 15(2): 31–43.
Хофстеде Г., МакКрэй Р.Р. (2010) Возвращаясь к обсуждению личности и культуры: связь личностных черт и культурных осей. Пер. с англ.: В.В. Солодников. Социологический журнал, 4: 9–41.
Akaliyski P., Welzel C., Bond M.H., Minkov M. (2021) On “nationology”: The gravitational field of national culture. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 52(8–9): 771–793.
Akkuş B., Postmes T., Stroebe K. (2017) Community Collectivism: A social dynamic approach to conceptualizing culture. PLOS ONE, 12(9): 1–29.
Beugelsdijk S., Welzel C. (2018) Dimensions and dynamics of national culture: Synthesizing Hofstede with Inglehart. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 49(10): 1469−1505.
Bond M.H., Leung K., Au A., Tong K.-K., De Carrasquel S.R., Murakami F., … Lewis J.R. (2004) Culture-level dimensions of social axioms and their correlates across 41 cultures. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 35(5): 548–570.
Brewer M.B., Chen Y.-R. (2007) Where (who) are collectives in collectivism? Toward conceptual clarification of individualism and collectivism. Psychological Review, 114(1): 133–151.
Conway L.G. III, Bongard K., Plaut V., Gornick L.J., Dodds D.P., Giresi T., … Houck S.C. (2017) Ecological origins of freedom: Pathogens, heat stress, and frontier topography predict more vertical but less horizontal governmental restriction. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 43(10): 1378–1398.
Fog A. (2021) A test of the reproducibility of the clustering of cultural variables. Cross-Cultural Research, 55(1): 29–57.
Fog A. (2023а) Psychological and cultural effects of different kinds of danger. An exploration based on survey data from 79 countries. Culture and Evolution: 1–22.
Fog A. (2023б) Two-dimensional models of cultural differences: Statistical and theoretical analysis. Cross-Cultural Research, 57(2–3): 115–165.
Green E.G., Deschamps J.C., Paez D. (2005) Variation of individualism and collectivism within and between 20 countries: A typological analysis. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 36(3): 321–339.
Grigoryev D. (2022). Ethnic stereotype content beyond intergroup relations within societies: Exploring the North-South hypothesis for competence and warmth. Cross-Cultural Research, 56(4): 345–384.
Gurven M.D. (2018) Broadening horizons: Sample diversity and socioecological theory are essential to the future of psychological science. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 115(45): 11420–11427.
Hofstede G. (1980). Culture’s consequences: International differences in work-related values. L.: Sage.
Hofstede G. (2001) Culture’s consequences: Comparing values, behaviors, institutions, and organizations across nations. L.: Sage.
Hofstede G. (2011) Dimensionalizing cultures: The Hofstede model in context. Online Readings in Psychology & Culture, 2(1): 1−26.
House R.J., Javidan M. (2004) Overview of GLOBE. In: R.J. House, P.J. Hanges, M. Javidan, P.W. Dorfman, V. Gupta (Eds.), Culture, leadership, and organizations: The GLOBE study of 62 societies. L.: Sage: 9−28.
Hruschka D.J., Hackman J. (2014) When are cross-group differences a product of a human behavioral immune system? Evolutionary Behavioral Sciences, 8(4): 265–273.
Inglehart R.F. (1997) Modernization and postmodernization: Cultural, economic and political change in 43 societies. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Inglehart R.F. (2018) Cultural evolution. Peoples motivations are changing and reshaping world. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Inglehart R.F., Baker W.E. (2000) Modernization, cultural change, and the persistence of traditional values. American Sociological Review, 65(1): 19–51.
Inglehart R.F., Oyserman D. (2004) Individualism, autonomy, and self-expression. The human development syndrome. In: H. Vinken, J. Soeters, P. Ester (eds), Comparing cultures: Dimensions of culture in a comparative perspective. Boston, MA: Brill: 74–96.
Kaasa A. (2021) Merging Hofstede, Schwartz, and Inglehart into a single system. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 52(4): 339–353.
Kaasa A., Minkov M. (2022) Are different two-dimensional models of culture just a matter of different rotations? Evidence from the analysis based on the WVS/EVS. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 53(2): 127–156.
Kaasa A., Welzel C. (2023) Elements of Schwartz’s model in the WVS: How do they relate to other cultural models? Cross-Cultural Research, 1−41.
Kemmelmeier M. (2016) Cultural differences in survey responding: Issues and insights in the study of response biases. International Journal of Psychology, 51(6): 439−444.
Krys K., Uchida Y., Oishi S., Diener E. (2019) Open society fosters satisfaction: Explanation to why individualism associates with country level measures of satisfaction. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 14(6): 768−778.
Krys K., Vignoles V.L., de Almeida I., Uchida Y. (2022) Outside the “cultural binary”: Understanding why Latin American collectivist societies foster independent selves. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 17(4): 1166–1187.
Kusserow A.S. (1999) De‐homogenizing American individualism: Socializing hard and soft individualism in Manhattan and Queens. Ethos, 27(2): 210–234.
Laitin D.D., Moortgat J., Robinson A.L. (2012) Geographic axes and the persistence of cultural diversity. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 109: 10263–10268.
León F.R. (2023а) Electromagnetic and climatic foundations of human aggression. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 89: 1–9.
León F.R. (2023б). Likely electromagnetic foundations of gender inequality. Cross-Cultural Research, 57(2–3): 239–263.
Li L.M.W., Bond M.H. (2010) Value change: Analyzing national change in citizen secularism across four time periods in the World Values Survey. The Social Science Journal. 47(2): 294–306.
Maleki A., de Jong M. (2014) A proposal for clustering the dimensions of national culture. Cross-Cultural Research, 48: 107–143.
Markus H., Kitayama S. (1991). Culture and the self: Implications for cognition, emotion, and motivation. Psychological Review, 98: 224–253.
Minkov M. (2014) The K factor, societal hypometropia, and national values: A study of 71 nations. Personality and Individual Differences, 66: 153–159.
Minkov M., Bond M.H. (2015) Genetic polymorphisms predict national differences in life history strategy and time orientation. Personality and Individual Differences, 76: 204–215.
Minkov M. (2018) A revision of Hofstede’s model of national culture: Old evidence and new data from 56 countries. Cross Cultural & Strategic Management, 25(2): 231–256.
Minkov M., Kaasa A. (2021) A test of the revised Minkov-Hofstede model of culture: Mirror images of subjective and objective culture across nations and the 50 US states. Cross-Cultural Research, 55(2–3): 230–281.
Minkov M., Kaasa A. (2022) Do dimensions of culture exist objectively? A validation of the revised Minkov-Hofstede model of culture with World Values Survey items and scores for 102 countries. Journal of International Management, 28(4): 1–17.
Minkov M., Bond M.H., Dutt P., Schachner M., Morales O., Sanchez C., ... Mudd B. (2018) A reconsideration of Hofstede’s fifth dimension: New flexibility vs. monumentalism data from 54 countries. Cross-Cultural Research, 52(3): 309–333.
Minkov M., Dutt P., Schachner M., Morales O., Sanchez C., Jandosova J., ... Mudd B. (2017) A revision of Hofstede's individualism-collectivism dimension: A new national index from a 56-country study. Cross Cultural & Strategic Management, 24(3): 386–404.
Oishi S. (2014) Socioecological psychology. Annual Review of Psychology, 65(1): 581–609.
Oyserman D., Uskul A.K. (2008) Individualism and collectivism: Societal-level processes with implications for individual-level and society-level outcomes. In: F. van de Vijver, D. van Hemert, Y. Poortinga (eds) Multilevel analysis of individuals and cultures. Mahwah, N.J: Erlbaum: 145–173.
Rentfrow P.J., Jokela M. (2016) Geographical psychology: The spatial organization of psychological phenomena. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 25(6): 393–398.
Shapouri S. (2022) Of germs and culture; parasite stress as the origin of individualism-collectivism. Evolutionary Psychological Science, 9: 82–89.
Singelis T.M., Triandis H.C., Bhawuk D.P., Gelfand M.J. (1995) Horizontal and vertical dimensions of individualism and collectivism: A theoretical and measurement refinement. Cross-Cultural Research, 29(3): 240–275.
Schwartz S.H. (1994а) Beyond individualism/collectivism: New cultural dimensions of values. In: U. Kim, H.C. Triandis, Ç. Kâğitçibaşi, S.-C. Choi, G. Yoon (eds), Individualism and collectivism: Theory, method, and applications. London: Sage Publications: 85–119.
Schwartz S.H. (1994б). Are there universal aspects in the structure and contents of human values? Journal of Social Issues, 50(4): 19–45.
Schwartz S.H. (2004) Mapping and interpreting cultural differences. In: H. Vinken, J. Soeters, P. Ester (eds). Comparing cultures: Dimensions of culture in a comparative perspective. Brill: 43–73.
Schwartz S.H. (2006) A theory of cultural value orientations: Explication and applications. Comparative Sociology, 5(2–3): 137–182.
Schwartz S.H. (2014) Rethinking the concept and measurement of societal culture in light of empirical findings. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 45(1): 5–13.
Sng O., Neuberg S.L., Varnum M.E.W., Kenrick D.T. (2018) The behavioral ecology of cultural psychological variation. Psychological Review, 125(5): 714–743.
Stieger S., Götz F.M., Wilson C., Volsa S., Rentfrow P.J. (2022) A tale of peaks and valleys: Sinusoid relationship patterns between mountainousness and basic human values. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 13(2): 390–402.
Tomasello M., Melis A.P., Tennie C., Wyman E., Herrmann E. (2012) Two key steps in the evolution of human cooperation: The interdependence hypothesis. Current Anthropology, 53(6): 673–692.
Triandis H.C. (1993) Collectivism and individualism as cultural syndromes. Cross-Cultural Research, 27(3–4), 155–180.
Triandis H.C. (1996) The psychological measurement of cultural syndromes. American Psychologist, 51(4): 407–415.
Triandis H.C., Gelfand M.J. (1998) Converging measurement of horizontal and vertical individualism and collectivism. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74(1): 118–128.
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van de Vliert E., Conway L.G. III (2019) Northerners and Southerners differ in conflict culture. Negotiation and Conflict Management Research, 12: 256–277.
van de Vliert E., Postmes T. (2012) Climato-economic livability predicts societal collectivism and political autocracy better than parasitic stress does. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 35(2): 94–95.
van de Vliert E., van Lange P.A.M. (2019) Latitudinal psychology: An ecological perspective on creativity, aggression, happiness, and beyond. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 14(5): 860–884.
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Берри Дж.У. (2019) Экокультурная психология. Пер. с англ. Д.С. Григорьев. Культурно-историческая психология, 15(4): 4–16.
Вельцель К. (2018) Рождение свободы. М.: ВЦИОМ.
Галлямова А.А., Григорьев Д.С. (2022) Разработка методики оценки воспринимаемой культуры сообщества на основе культурной ориентации горизонтальный/вертикальный индивидуализм-коллективизм Г. Триандиса. Вестник Российского университета дружбы народов. Серия: Психология и педагогика, 19(3): 429–447.
Даймонд Д. (2010) Ружья, микробы и сталь. Пер. с англ. М. Колопотина. М.: АСТ.
Лебедева Н.М., Татарко А.Н. (2019) Векторы развития стран в едином пространстве культурных измерений. Психологический журнал, 40(6): 99–111.
Полтерович В.М. (2022) Конкуренция, сотрудничество и удовлетворенность жизнью. Часть 1. Семерка европейских лидеров. Экономические и социальные перемены: факты, тенденции, прогноз, 15(2): 31–43.
Хофстеде Г., МакКрэй Р.Р. (2010) Возвращаясь к обсуждению личности и культуры: связь личностных черт и культурных осей. Пер. с англ.: В.В. Солодников. Социологический журнал, 4: 9–41.
Akaliyski P., Welzel C., Bond M.H., Minkov M. (2021) On “nationology”: The gravitational field of national culture. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 52(8–9): 771–793.
Akkuş B., Postmes T., Stroebe K. (2017) Community Collectivism: A social dynamic approach to conceptualizing culture. PLOS ONE, 12(9): 1–29.
Beugelsdijk S., Welzel C. (2018) Dimensions and dynamics of national culture: Synthesizing Hofstede with Inglehart. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 49(10): 1469−1505.
Bond M.H., Leung K., Au A., Tong K.-K., De Carrasquel S.R., Murakami F., … Lewis J.R. (2004) Culture-level dimensions of social axioms and their correlates across 41 cultures. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 35(5): 548–570.
Brewer M.B., Chen Y.-R. (2007) Where (who) are collectives in collectivism? Toward conceptual clarification of individualism and collectivism. Psychological Review, 114(1): 133–151.
Conway L.G. III, Bongard K., Plaut V., Gornick L.J., Dodds D.P., Giresi T., … Houck S.C. (2017) Ecological origins of freedom: Pathogens, heat stress, and frontier topography predict more vertical but less horizontal governmental restriction. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 43(10): 1378–1398.
Fog A. (2021) A test of the reproducibility of the clustering of cultural variables. Cross-Cultural Research, 55(1): 29–57.
Fog A. (2023а) Psychological and cultural effects of different kinds of danger. An exploration based on survey data from 79 countries. Culture and Evolution: 1–22.
Fog A. (2023б) Two-dimensional models of cultural differences: Statistical and theoretical analysis. Cross-Cultural Research, 57(2–3): 115–165.
Green E.G., Deschamps J.C., Paez D. (2005) Variation of individualism and collectivism within and between 20 countries: A typological analysis. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 36(3): 321–339.
Grigoryev D. (2022). Ethnic stereotype content beyond intergroup relations within societies: Exploring the North-South hypothesis for competence and warmth. Cross-Cultural Research, 56(4): 345–384.
Gurven M.D. (2018) Broadening horizons: Sample diversity and socioecological theory are essential to the future of psychological science. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 115(45): 11420–11427.
Hofstede G. (1980). Culture’s consequences: International differences in work-related values. L.: Sage.
Hofstede G. (2001) Culture’s consequences: Comparing values, behaviors, institutions, and organizations across nations. L.: Sage.
Hofstede G. (2011) Dimensionalizing cultures: The Hofstede model in context. Online Readings in Psychology & Culture, 2(1): 1−26.
House R.J., Javidan M. (2004) Overview of GLOBE. In: R.J. House, P.J. Hanges, M. Javidan, P.W. Dorfman, V. Gupta (Eds.), Culture, leadership, and organizations: The GLOBE study of 62 societies. L.: Sage: 9−28.
Hruschka D.J., Hackman J. (2014) When are cross-group differences a product of a human behavioral immune system? Evolutionary Behavioral Sciences, 8(4): 265–273.
Inglehart R.F. (1997) Modernization and postmodernization: Cultural, economic and political change in 43 societies. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Inglehart R.F. (2018) Cultural evolution. Peoples motivations are changing and reshaping world. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Inglehart R.F., Baker W.E. (2000) Modernization, cultural change, and the persistence of traditional values. American Sociological Review, 65(1): 19–51.
Inglehart R.F., Oyserman D. (2004) Individualism, autonomy, and self-expression. The human development syndrome. In: H. Vinken, J. Soeters, P. Ester (eds), Comparing cultures: Dimensions of culture in a comparative perspective. Boston, MA: Brill: 74–96.
Kaasa A. (2021) Merging Hofstede, Schwartz, and Inglehart into a single system. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 52(4): 339–353.
Kaasa A., Minkov M. (2022) Are different two-dimensional models of culture just a matter of different rotations? Evidence from the analysis based on the WVS/EVS. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 53(2): 127–156.
Kaasa A., Welzel C. (2023) Elements of Schwartz’s model in the WVS: How do they relate to other cultural models? Cross-Cultural Research, 1−41.
Kemmelmeier M. (2016) Cultural differences in survey responding: Issues and insights in the study of response biases. International Journal of Psychology, 51(6): 439−444.
Krys K., Uchida Y., Oishi S., Diener E. (2019) Open society fosters satisfaction: Explanation to why individualism associates with country level measures of satisfaction. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 14(6): 768−778.
Krys K., Vignoles V.L., de Almeida I., Uchida Y. (2022) Outside the “cultural binary”: Understanding why Latin American collectivist societies foster independent selves. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 17(4): 1166–1187.
Kusserow A.S. (1999) De‐homogenizing American individualism: Socializing hard and soft individualism in Manhattan and Queens. Ethos, 27(2): 210–234.
Laitin D.D., Moortgat J., Robinson A.L. (2012) Geographic axes and the persistence of cultural diversity. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 109: 10263–10268.
León F.R. (2023а) Electromagnetic and climatic foundations of human aggression. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 89: 1–9.
León F.R. (2023б). Likely electromagnetic foundations of gender inequality. Cross-Cultural Research, 57(2–3): 239–263.
Li L.M.W., Bond M.H. (2010) Value change: Analyzing national change in citizen secularism across four time periods in the World Values Survey. The Social Science Journal. 47(2): 294–306.
Maleki A., de Jong M. (2014) A proposal for clustering the dimensions of national culture. Cross-Cultural Research, 48: 107–143.
Markus H., Kitayama S. (1991). Culture and the self: Implications for cognition, emotion, and motivation. Psychological Review, 98: 224–253.
Minkov M. (2014) The K factor, societal hypometropia, and national values: A study of 71 nations. Personality and Individual Differences, 66: 153–159.
Minkov M., Bond M.H. (2015) Genetic polymorphisms predict national differences in life history strategy and time orientation. Personality and Individual Differences, 76: 204–215.
Minkov M. (2018) A revision of Hofstede’s model of national culture: Old evidence and new data from 56 countries. Cross Cultural & Strategic Management, 25(2): 231–256.
Minkov M., Kaasa A. (2021) A test of the revised Minkov-Hofstede model of culture: Mirror images of subjective and objective culture across nations and the 50 US states. Cross-Cultural Research, 55(2–3): 230–281.
Minkov M., Kaasa A. (2022) Do dimensions of culture exist objectively? A validation of the revised Minkov-Hofstede model of culture with World Values Survey items and scores for 102 countries. Journal of International Management, 28(4): 1–17.
Minkov M., Bond M.H., Dutt P., Schachner M., Morales O., Sanchez C., ... Mudd B. (2018) A reconsideration of Hofstede’s fifth dimension: New flexibility vs. monumentalism data from 54 countries. Cross-Cultural Research, 52(3): 309–333.
Minkov M., Dutt P., Schachner M., Morales O., Sanchez C., Jandosova J., ... Mudd B. (2017) A revision of Hofstede's individualism-collectivism dimension: A new national index from a 56-country study. Cross Cultural & Strategic Management, 24(3): 386–404.
Oishi S. (2014) Socioecological psychology. Annual Review of Psychology, 65(1): 581–609.
Oyserman D., Uskul A.K. (2008) Individualism and collectivism: Societal-level processes with implications for individual-level and society-level outcomes. In: F. van de Vijver, D. van Hemert, Y. Poortinga (eds) Multilevel analysis of individuals and cultures. Mahwah, N.J: Erlbaum: 145–173.
Rentfrow P.J., Jokela M. (2016) Geographical psychology: The spatial organization of psychological phenomena. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 25(6): 393–398.
Shapouri S. (2022) Of germs and culture; parasite stress as the origin of individualism-collectivism. Evolutionary Psychological Science, 9: 82–89.
Singelis T.M., Triandis H.C., Bhawuk D.P., Gelfand M.J. (1995) Horizontal and vertical dimensions of individualism and collectivism: A theoretical and measurement refinement. Cross-Cultural Research, 29(3): 240–275.
Schwartz S.H. (1994а) Beyond individualism/collectivism: New cultural dimensions of values. In: U. Kim, H.C. Triandis, Ç. Kâğitçibaşi, S.-C. Choi, G. Yoon (eds), Individualism and collectivism: Theory, method, and applications. London: Sage Publications: 85–119.
Schwartz S.H. (1994б). Are there universal aspects in the structure and contents of human values? Journal of Social Issues, 50(4): 19–45.
Schwartz S.H. (2004) Mapping and interpreting cultural differences. In: H. Vinken, J. Soeters, P. Ester (eds). Comparing cultures: Dimensions of culture in a comparative perspective. Brill: 43–73.
Schwartz S.H. (2006) A theory of cultural value orientations: Explication and applications. Comparative Sociology, 5(2–3): 137–182.
Schwartz S.H. (2014) Rethinking the concept and measurement of societal culture in light of empirical findings. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 45(1): 5–13.
Sng O., Neuberg S.L., Varnum M.E.W., Kenrick D.T. (2018) The behavioral ecology of cultural psychological variation. Psychological Review, 125(5): 714–743.
Stieger S., Götz F.M., Wilson C., Volsa S., Rentfrow P.J. (2022) A tale of peaks and valleys: Sinusoid relationship patterns between mountainousness and basic human values. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 13(2): 390–402.
Tomasello M., Melis A.P., Tennie C., Wyman E., Herrmann E. (2012) Two key steps in the evolution of human cooperation: The interdependence hypothesis. Current Anthropology, 53(6): 673–692.
Triandis H.C. (1993) Collectivism and individualism as cultural syndromes. Cross-Cultural Research, 27(3–4), 155–180.
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Опубликован
2023-09-21
Как цитировать
Галлямова, А. А., & Григорьев, Д. С. (2023). Культурное измерение «индивидуализм — коллективизм» как основной инструмент анализа сходств и различий культур. ЖУРНАЛ СОЦИОЛОГИИ И СОЦИАЛЬНОЙ АНТРОПОЛОГИИ, 26(3), 115-148. https://doi.org/10.31119/jssa.2023.26.3.5
Раздел
Социология культуры
